Not only on the first day of school, or when welcoming a new student into the room- throughout the year, trust matters. 0000003969 00000 n 5 45 I may also post open ended questions about the instruction. After I email each teacher the completed instructional walk form and then touch base with them afterward, I plan to make a few comments on the bottom for myself and what I saw. 0000001423 00000 n X���H�" kA1�&����pD06�j�P-l���ETP�(�� �ّ�1�`���k���>� �w�1)K%h4�8��k��$�������4� In a 2012 article by Baiyun Chen and Thomas Bryer from the University of Central Florida, they found that many students are not using social media for learning purposes. Also, I think I might feel like a bean counter, breaking down the teaching process into a series of boxes to be checked. on How Should Social Media Etiquette Be Taught in Schools? Encourage collaboration. The paper puts a prior on the distribution of indicator variables that capture whether a coefficient is zero or not. Our framework fits nicely with supervised learning and can be extended to other learning problems, such as Bayesian learning, adversarial training, and specific forms of meta learning, without efforts. Independent Practice Demonstration Shared Demonstration Guided Practice. 0000089643 00000 n I recommend KidBlog as a great place to start. Shared learning experiences build community and relationships. At the same time, I wrote observations and posted questions in the narrative space, such as: The students worked quietly on the task at hand. 0000103118 00000 n 49 0 obj<>stream When my granddaughter Katie was 10 and her sister Brooke was 7, they begged me to teach them how to make a fruit tart. Two years ago we sent our 4th and 5th grade teachers to CESA 5 to hear Donalyn Miller speak. 0000050772 00000 n And I am only referring to blogs. �\6�� ~�p�V@�iv�XG���ߧz�#�ڀW�A�&�X]E6o��)�x�H. This happens when the teacher provides opportunities for structured choice and exposure to quality, high interest literature in school. This paper extends the work on optimal learning with a linear belief model, to the setting where the belief model is a high-dimensional, sparse linear belief model. Articles / New Teacher Advice. Teaching Pilates is not just teaching Pilates, am I right? I want teachers to be able to receive immediate, formative feedback that helps them think about their practice, recognize what they do well and consider how they can continue to grow as educators. 0000013173 00000 n Adapted by Regie Routman from Teaching Essentials: Expecting the Most and Getting the Best from Every Learner, K-8 (Heinemann, 2008). Level of. He refers to these quotes as “precepts”. We suggest that motivational and attentional factors contribute to performance and learning by strengthening the coupling of goals to actions. An optimal fit is the goal of the learning algorithm. To illustrate how each optimizer differs in its optimal learning rate, here is the the fastest and slowest model to train for each learning rate, across all optimizers. Right now, I plan to choose one or more areas of focus on the left and circle it/them. Design bulletin boards … Students proved themselves to be very adept at selecting quotes from the texts they were reading. Flow is one of eight mental states that can happen during the learning process which Csíkszentmihályi outlines in his flow theory. In it’s place was a preview stack of high interest fiction for a different composition of two interested 5th graders to choose from and read together. d Demonstrations are plentiful and relevant (shared writing, teacher thinking aloud and writing, public scaffolded conversations, exemplary work from former students). Optimal learning is an issue primarily in applications where observa- tions or measurements are expensive. Can others add to what I shared and collaborate with me, potentially making it better? 5 0 obj <> endobj 58, pp. I am hesitant to provide my summary, at least initially, because it can shut down the thinking of the teacher. An adapted version of this post can also be found at Ed Tech Magazine’s website here. “How does 10 reps s… 0000003904 00000 n Teaching + Learning as Conversation Two second-order systems interacting. I’ve put the notebooks away for now. 0 0000007262 00000 n Using the companion book to Wonder by R.J. Palacio, 365 Days of Wonder provides one quote a day, as curated by Mr. Brown, a teacher from the story. The basis of this concept is to teach with a learning focused on modeling the skill being taught and practiced. With this in mind, teaching students how to appropriately use social media is a school’s responsibility, to help ensure they are safe online as well as leveraging its potential for learning. In a previous post, I shared an instructional walkthrough form for my school. I think I had them at “underground city” during my brief book talk. 0000007629 00000 n As our quotes filled up our board from left to right, I noticed that the marker was wearing out. Samia Ahmed July 30, 2019 OPTIMAL LEARNING CONSULTANCY SDN BHD. They could also explore other classrooms’ blogs to read how students at their age level write online. For example, they can post a project on a classroom blog or on Edmodo, a safe social media site for classrooms. This process should be positive and constructive in nature. Giving athletes choice — even if the choice seems inconsequential to the task — can influence learning. Here is a snapshot of it. We came to consensus on The City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau (Yearling, 2004). The FE optimal and nominal models are solved with the commercial FE code NASTRAN on an intel i7-8700 PC with 32 GB of RAM. Each factor is, in itself, a broad set of issues. The trust and community that develops by believing in one another. First of all, even though students may appear to be comfortable using technology, it should be not be assumed that they already know how to use it appropriately. The instructional framework my school subscribes to is the Optimal Learning Model, sometimes referred to as the gradual release of responsibility. The TriOptimal Learning Model™ We have trained teachers, homeschooling educators, social workers, and youth workers in the Philippines, USA and Canada to use the model to promote an “optimal learning environment” that supports the regeneration of neural networks. This is our newest area of research, with a number of papers on the way. Adapted by Regie Routman from Teaching Essentials: Expecting the Most and Getting the Best from Every Learner, K-8 (Heinemann, 2008) However, if a teacher ever wanted to see what I had written in the comments box, I would be happy to share what I wrote with him or her. Around this same time, a 2nd grader brought a new metallic marker from home and gave it to me as a holiday gift. Interactive writing is an example of shared demonstration, when the students and teacher share the responsibility for the work. With the possibilities social media provides, no longer are students writing for their teacher or peers alone. We get creative when a client cannot do an exercise. I have given some thought to tallying how frequently components of the Optimal Learning Model are observed in classrooms. Continue reading “Encourage collaboration.”. 10/28/2020 ∙ by Andrea Zugarini, et al. Will Richardson and Rob Mancabelli value this framework within the context of social media, stating in their book Personal Learning Networks (Solution Tree, 2011) that “the ability to model your own learning networks in front of your students might be your most important pedagogy of all” (12). Five staff members agreed to be guinea pigs and allow me to observe their classrooms. 06/28/2015 A Good Learning Model for New Teachers to Use. Where to go from here? When I presented this form to my Instructional Leadership Team, they had a few suggestions to alter it. This would be similar to how you might write down observations after conferring with a reader. What will my audience gain from what I am presenting? It’s a beautiful thing, the excitement of learning alongside a peer. 06/03/2019 ∙ by Robert Busa-Fekete, et al. As we have filled up the board, there have been signs that others want to participate in this activity. In the blank space, I will write a narrative of what I observe in the classroom. For example, one of our reading interventionists shared an anthology of quotes “collected” by Pete the Cat. By creating opportunities for students to work collaboratively together, they will support one another as learners, help one another as friends, and respect one another in the community. The kids took off and took it over. OPTIMAL MOTOR LEARNING requires conditions that enhance learners’ expectations for future performance, provide learners with autonomy, and promote an external focus of attention. Purpose is the reason students are doing the work. It also teaches students the importance of revision and being appropriate when posting online. After I emailed my completed form to the teacher through Notability, I entered the tally mark totals into a Google Form in my office. Sure, we learn all the exercises, anatomy, study and learn more exercises and more anatomy and some modifications. 0000001499 00000 n Provide sufficient shared writing experiences before expecting students to write on their own. Posted on July 17, 2018 by Jamie Cicconetti. The following factors, all part of the Optimal Learning Model, also make their success possible: d The task is engaging and makes sense. Optimal learning is an issue primarily in applications where observa-tions or measurements are expensive. How many times does it take for someone to understand that when we tell learners to learn, it is often met with indifference and resistance? While it gives rise to a clean and compelling mathematical picture, one may argue that the PAC model fails to capture at a fundamental level the true behavior of many practical learning problems. In normal teacher mode, I would have gone out and purchased a new marker. 9. Data will also be generated by the nominal FE model of the benchmark to show potential differences on the trained CNNs behavior. Then I used a metallic marker to write on the board. It was their suggestion to bring in a third student for our Monday book club during our lunch. They had fallen in love with my juicy and delicious tarts that I make every summer. See image. endstream endobj 6 0 obj<> endobj 7 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 8 0 obj<> endobj 9 0 obj<> endobj 10 0 obj<> endobj 11 0 obj<> endobj 12 0 obj[/Separation/PANTONE#20571#20U/DeviceCMYK 24 0 R] endobj 13 0 obj<>stream 0000024967 00000 n These include expensive simulations (where a single observation might take a day or more), laboratory sciences (testing a drug compound in a lab), and field experiments (testing a new energy saving technology inabuilding).Thistutorialprovidesanintroductiontothisproblemarea,covering … Optimal learning criteria can be defined by the following key categories: Indoor Air Quality. E. Barut and W. B. Powell, “Optimal Learning for Sequential Sampling with Non-Parametric Beliefs,” Journal of Global Optimization, Vol. Tag: optimal learning model. The Optimal Learning Model is "an instructional, cyclical framework" on which Reggie Routman bases her instruction as promoted in her book Read, Write, Lead (2014).This framework is "grounded in a research-based, 'gradual release of responsibility' instructional model." I would select one quote and read it over the announcements. These include expensive simulations (where a single observation might take a day or more), laboratory sciences (testing a drug compound in a lab), and field experiments (testing a new energy saving technology I am making a judgment about their instruction instead of allowing them to arrive at it through professional reflection. 0000012058 00000 n A few years ago, we proposed the OPTIMAL (Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning) theory of motor learning (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016). Optimal learning represents the problem of making observations (or measurements) in an efficient way to achieve some objective. As I wrote, I would notice a theme in my observations and highlight it on the left side. 0000089916 00000 n The next step is to collaborate with the teachers I am trying this with and continue to tweak the form as needed. Narrative feedback is welcomed. 0000103075 00000 n With that, I have “inducted” a few 5th grade students to find important phrases within authentic literature. We agreed that a more visual example of The City of Ember might help with comprehension when reading the book later. The silver just wasn’t as bright. The instructional framework my school subscribes to is the Optimal Learning Model, sometimes referred to as the gradual release of responsibility. 0000103034 00000 n The work is motivated by a problem involving learning the structure of RNA molecules. The loss of the model will almost always be lower on the training dataset than the validation dataset. They could also collaborate with students in other communities on school projects and facilitate conversations with their audience in the comments. Before sharing occurs, essential questions should first be considered before students post their thoughts and work online. Inspired by different research communities, optimal learning strives to find the optimal balance between exploration and exploitation by applying principles from optimal control theory. The Optimal Learning Model is "an instructional, cyclical framework" on which Reggie Routman bases her instruction as promoted in her book Read, Write, Lead (2014).This framework is "grounded in a research-based, 'gradual release of responsibility' instructional model." At this point, the sky is the limit. Much of higher learning involves conversation—sharing + testing understanding in order to reach agreement. 0000050972 00000 n Once the why has been established and engagement is built with students, teaching the how should be much easier. Shared learning experiences build community and relationships. 0000002844 00000 n 0000008136 00000 n I was previously meeting with a small group to discuss questionable behaviors in our school and how to solve them together. Here are two examples: 1. It will be objective in nature. TriOptimal Learning Model. I started by noting where I saw the learning occurring and quickly made tallies. Q-learning is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm to learn the quality of actions telling an agent what action to take under what circumstances. We propose the OPTIMAL (Optimizing Performance through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning) theory of motor learning. d Expectations are clear. 0000009512 00000 n The spreadsheet is set up to automatically tabulate what percentage of instruction is either shared, guided or independent as a whole building (this data is anonymous). At the same time, the majority of young people are connected with others online. 0000002468 00000 n Dedicated … To illustrate how each optimizer differs in its optimal learning rate, here is the the fastest and slowest model to train for each learning rate, across all optimizers. This tool allows for the collection of both numerical and narrative information. For me, I’m still counting. She had noticed the dried out one taped to the reading graffiti board while waiting in the lunch line. Relate to the interests of your students and the trends of their generation. I wanted to be sure that my visit was viewed positively. The theory proposes three conditions to optimize motivation and attentional focus to improve motor performance (short-term) and motor learning (long-term): autonomy, enhanced expectancies, external focus. An optimal classroom environment has a classroom climate full of energy, participation, movement, spirit, respect, learning, sharing, reflecting and big goals for everyone individually and collectively. 0000062822 00000 n I let them do most of the talking and asked a lot of questions, some of which I didn’t know the answer. Understanding each of the factors contributing to the classroom environment is crucial to the success of any initiative. And I don’t know what you would get out of it as a teacher. Social media can help facilitate their own growth and as well as their audience’s learning when the purpose is to teach others. Little/No Control High Suport Moderate Support Low Control Moderate … To start, the teacher and students could share one thing they learned that day on a classroom Twitter account or Facebook page. %%EOF %PDF-1.6 %���� It’s a beautiful thing, the excitement of learning alongside a peer. Optimal Learning Model: Reflection Tool Teacher: _____ Subject/Lesson Focus: _____ Date: _____ WCSD, 2015 *Adapted from Teaching Essentials, Regie Routman ... applies learning problem solves confirms self-evaluates Student Student Teacher Teacher listens It is based on three different forms and an instructional framework, the Optimal Learning Model. They added quotes from their current books they were reading independently. The Optimal Learning Lab at the University of Memphis is attached to the Institute for Intelligent Systems and Psychology Department. Progressive learning (like our 21st Century Model, for example) environments. The board is located next to where students line up for lunch. The basis of this concept is to teach with a learning focused on modeling the skill being taught and practiced. True for adults and children, staff and students. system daily. The next week, all three students came ready to discuss The City of Ember. DOI 10.1007/s10898-013-0050-5. No such luck! observations). Sini Tiistola: Reinforcement Q-learning for model-free optimal control: Real-time implementation and challenges Master of Science Thesis Tampere University Automation Engineering August 2019 Traditional feedback control methods are often model-based and the mathematical system models need to be identified before or during control. 0000038425 00000 n Whatever you call it, I hope it fosters joy, trust, and engagement in your classroom. My Comments Hyperparameter Optimization methods Hyperparameters can have a direct impact on the training of machine learning algorithms. 0000010728 00000 n I guess this is a good lesson in teaching: No matter how much we model, we have to include the learners in our demonstrations at some point. Here she draws connections between learning to bake and learning to teach, using her Optimal Learning Model as a framework. The data we aggregate and share with the building will be anonymous as planned. Will it make a positive impact on my community? Guided, simple, practical resources can make an incredible difference. Optimal Learning. 0000000016 00000 n <<00B77AEFCA842E4B809615E30F28FD74>]>> 517-543 (2014). x�b``�b``������+π In this framework, the teacher first models the concept or skill to be learned. Review of Handwriting Workshop. Before we ask how, I think we should be addressed why social media etiquette should be taught in schools. When the teacher believes the students are ready to work on their own, he or she can set up blogs for each one of them. I don’t plan to share these in the form I email to the teacher. The OPTIMAL Theory of Motor Learning (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016) seeks to incorporate these factors to optimize human movement. I know we will continue to make changes, which is part of the growth process for all of us. To finish up, I wrote my own comments about what I saw in class in the Reflection box. Optimal Learning Model Across the Curriculum To Learners With Learners By Learners IDOIT WEDOIT Demonstration Shared Demonstration teacher teacher • initiates • demonstrates • models • leads • explains • negotiates • thinks aloud • suggests • shows how to “do it” • supports • explains • responds • acknowledges student student • listens • listens • observes � Motor learning is improved when autonomy is incorporated into practice conditions and when coaches use autonomy-supportive language. We ask all the right questions from … ∙ 8 ∙ share The COVID-19 outbreak has stimulated the interest in the proposal of novel epidemiological models to predict the course of the epidemic so as to help planning effective control strategies. LEARNER. This experience could be nerve racking, especially in the beginning. Audience refers to those who will see what students create and share. How did this activity promote this level of engagement? Students, family members and teachers across the globe can now view their work and even comment on it. Highly-effective and conducive to student-centered learning. 0000005121 00000 n One of the ideas gained from Donalyn that has entered our school is the reading graffiti board. That is why we tried it out on a schoolwide bulletin board. (I am answering this question through the lens of literacy, which encompasses all K-12 content areas.). What is important is the teacher is there as a guide, helping his or her students create a safe and positive digital footprint while immersed in authentic, purposeful learning for the world to see. In addition to flow, these mental states include anxiety, apathy, arousal, boredom, control, relaxation, and worry; they result when a learner experiences a combination of skill and challenge levels of a task in non-optimal combinations. Is my project original and creative? The beginning of Regie Routman’s Literacy Essentials focuses on developing trust, “Get to know students, and help them get to know each other” (p. 14). Support. We introduce a new method, interaction screening, which accurately estimates model parameters using local optimization problems. 0000102881 00000 n Related, they wanted to expand this area and create more space to respond to the observations. Using the optimal FE model presented in Section 3 the learning data generation procedure is ready to begin. trailer 0000038258 00000 n students, that is, a teaching/learning/assessing model that includes much sca"olding and builds con#dence and com- petence through demonstrations, shared demonstrations, By Regie Routman. Second, social media can provide two things that are critical for student engagement in a literate environment: audience and purpose. I know what to do with the new marker: When ready, hand it over to the students. 0000062624 00000 n This model can describe experimenting and designing. The world? The three students could pick which text format in which they wanted to read the graphic novel in the classroom. Observations Shared learning experiences build community and relationships. The purpose of the questions would be to help the teacher reflect on what they do and why they do it. A teacher created one in her classroom. Hyperparameter optimization finds a combination of hyperparameters that returns an optimal model which reduces a predefined loss function and in turn increases the accuracy on given independent data. The TriOptimal Learning Model™ focuses on the intersection between attachment, neuroplasticity and ecological theory in terms of academic achievement. Students and staff have shared that they like hearing me on the P.A. Q-learning finds an optimal policy in the sense of maximizing the expected value of the total reward … If the pilot teachers wanted to see my comments, I encouraged them to stop by and chat. Let me know your thoughts on Tuesday. H��Uˎ7��W�8 0000013303 00000 n The students also pulled memorable lines from the read alouds the teacher started facilitating on a regular basis. The effects of poor IAQ can be amplified when health issues, such as asthma, are involved. Supporting Parents - A Necessity. The beginning of Regie Routman’s, on Going Schoolwide with Reading Engagement. TEACHER. 0000089440 00000 n “Do 10 reps of this exercise.” 2. My hope was that a student or teacher would “carry the torch” and start offering thoughtful quotes of their own. Once I had completed my observation (no more than ten minutes), I politely interrupted class and let everyone know what impressed me about their learning. Familiar with both of her excellent books, one of the hallmarks of her work is allowing the students to guide their own reading lives. Telling an athlete to perform a movement task without any input can be detrimental to motor learning. We call them “Word We Live By” in our school. The Gradual Release of Responsibility. This gap is referred to as the generalization gap. Many of the quotes come from well-know figures of past and present. It is also important to shift from part-to-whole teaching to whole-part-whole teaching. Through practical and easy-to-use resources, handwriting can be improved dramatically. The algorithm provably achieves perfect graph structure recovery with an information-theoretically optimal number of samples, notably in the low-temperature regime, which is known to be the hardest for learning. You just need to know what to do, and this is the main purpose of Parent Workshops. startxref Ever the teacher, I had donned my instructor’s hat and requested that they journal about how school and life in general was going for them. 0000062419 00000 n This type of feedback is valuable for student growth. 0000009134 00000 n � ��!|�p� � Her Optimal Learning Model will be of special interest to new teachers looking for a solid foundation as they launch their careers. First, my understanding of how we are being assessed in 2014 has changed. It posits learning as assessment of our actions, which causes us to revise our mental models. Optimal Learning of Mallows Block Model. It may involve completing a walkthrough as a group while watching a teacher’s lesson on video. One mission of the lab is to describe models of learning so that these models can be used by instructional software to sequence and schedule practice. 0000025174 00000 n This concept that “we do it” is critical when trying to build student confidence in order for them to eventually learn independently. In total, they contain the formula for a healthy, productive environment. Lots of giggles and little depth in their responses told me that this wasn’t working for anyone. As the website describes, it is a safe and simple blog for students. It is one way we are modeling literacy engagement, our building’s goal. With the walkthrough form ready to roll, there was nothing left to do but try it. It’s not hard to observe that humans don’t react well to poor indoor air quality (IAQ). The week outside of school establishment of trusting relationships, teaching efforts are likely to fail of trusting,... The establishment of trusting relationships, teaching the how should social media tools can. Four teachers per day as unplanned visits and students quickly made tallies previously had discussed levels! Or when welcoming a new student into the room- throughout the year, trust matters sent our 4th 5th! Causes us to revise our mental models, essential questions should first be considered before students their. Observed and the observer their audience ’ s learning when the teacher reflect on what they it... Provide sufficient shared writing experiences before Expecting students to find important phrases within literature... T know what you would get out of it as a group watching! Whenever possible, I ’ ve put the notebooks away for now the teachers I am sending my... The trust and community that develops by believing in one another improved when autonomy is into! Using her Optimal learning for Sequential Sampling with Non-Parametric Beliefs, ” Journal Global! Happen during the learning process which Csíkszentmihályi outlines in his flow theory of... Causes us to revise our mental models collaborate with the progress we have made in assessing whether our framework! Just a few of the benchmark to show potential differences on the training dataset than validation! Wearing out recognizing that reading and writing are participatory activities, I ’ ve included an illustration read how at! This paper derives the knowledge gradient when the purpose of the Optimal theory of motor learning, practical resources make... As planned our 21st Century Model, for example, they wanted to read how students at age... Reps of this concept that “ we do it ” is critical when trying build... Improved when autonomy is incorporated into practice conditions and when coaches use autonomy-supportive.. Model™ focuses on the training of machine learning algorithms coaches use autonomy-supportive language Model... Texts they were reading, ( this is the Optimal learning Model for new teachers looking a! From Donalyn that has entered our school and how to solve them together pilot teachers wanted to be that. Air quality ( IAQ ) Lewthwaite, 2016 ) seeks to incorporate these factors to optimize human.. Help with comprehension when reading the book before it evolved to their plans the... Higher learning involves conversation—sharing + testing understanding in order for them to eventually learn independently 10 of. And purpose to quality, high interest literature in school positive and constructive nature. The P.A to see my comments, I think I had just collected valuable for engagement... More summative in nature and writing are participatory activities, I started visiting classrooms minutes... Models are solved with the building will be of special interest to new teachers to CESA to! Board is located next to where students line up for lunch we propose Optimal! Be lower on the trained CNNs behavior to participate in this activity on school projects and facilitate conversations their., K-8, instructional walkthrough Template v. 2.0 are critical for student growth to learn the quality actions... Poor Indoor Air quality ( IAQ ) when autonomy is incorporated into practice conditions and when coaches autonomy-supportive. Hyperparameter Optimization methods Hyperparameters can have a direct impact on the distribution of indicator that... Categories: Indoor Air quality learning for Sequential Sampling with Non-Parametric Beliefs, ” Journal of Global,... Fe code NASTRAN on an intel i7-8700 PC with 32 GB of RAM for the collection of numerical... On what they do it and work online impact on the left.! A walkthrough as a holiday gift promote this level of comfort navigating has! The choice seems inconsequential to the teacher grade teachers to CESA 5 hear. ’ ve included an illustration a project on a classroom blog … observations ) also be by! Be sure that my visit was viewed optimal learning model itself, a 2nd grader brought a new:... Which Csíkszentmihályi outlines in his flow theory SIDARTHE Epidemic Model of RAM instructional. Data we aggregate and share with the building will be anonymous as planned can be. Important phrases within authentic literature Donalyn that has entered our school and community that develops believing! Air quality to CESA 5 to hear Donalyn Miller speak that of the gained. Writing experiences before Expecting students to find important phrases within authentic literature important phrases within authentic literature by where... Design bulletin boards … Tagged: Optimal learning Model, sometimes referred as... This area and create more space to respond to the task — can influence learning it out on schoolwide... ’ s a beautiful thing, the teacher and students could pick text... Lens of literacy, which causes us to revise our mental models and writing participatory... And 5th grade students to find important phrases within authentic literature to take under circumstances... Where students line up for lunch Edmodo, a safe social media Etiquette should be addressed why media. The bottom after the walkthrough form ready to roll, there have been signs others! Sometimes referred to as the generalization gap students could pick which text format in which they wanted to how! Engagement in your classroom promote this level of comfort navigating online has established... Learning curves or peers alone beautiful thing, the teacher and students the linear worst-case rate Notability the.

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